Distance estimation of howling golden jackals (Canis aureus) using relative sound level

Abstract Golden jackals ( Canis aureus ) display a complex repertoire of calls, utilized in different communication types (e.g., marking territories, attraction mating partners). Resident golden jackal groups can successfully be detected by active bioacoustic stimulation, as well with passive recording devices. For monitoring, basic knowledge the calls focal species and potential restrictions strengths monitoring devices should considered. We therefore tested possible applications low-budget autonomous unit for examined following research questions: How far group detected? Can distance to device estimated? To answer these questions, we placed 11 AudioMoth linear transect record live imitated replayed howls. estimation number responding animals, howling individuals was determined based on maximum simultaneously visible fundamental frequencies spectrogram. predict playback howls devices, relative sound level (RSL) each call measured fitted models. Reliable estimations using RSL were up 400 m. Estimated animals showed negative relationship distance. Our results present baseline future studies show that AudioMoths helpful asset packs—both but also monitoring.